Abstract:This paper is the preface to the current issue of "basic research on Stereology application". Taking "the decrease of sperm count in epididymis of streptozotocin induced hyperglycemic rats" as an example, from the perspective of histology, the author elaborated the methodological issues that may be involved in the study, including the inherent defect of microscopic observation research -- the reference trap, and called on histology researchers to devote themselves to histological research, pay attention to further improve histological research with the help of stereology (the basic methodology for quantitative study of microstructure), so as to make the results of histological research more objective and reliable, so as to avoid histology becoming the basis or basis of pseudoscience.

Abstract:The amounts(such as volume,surface area,length and number)of histological structures can be estimated with ste-reological(morphometric)methods by measuring tissue sections,but the section tissue has usually undergone processing such as fixa-tion,dehydration,embedding,sectioning and staining and the measured results reflect the quantitative characteristics of structures after the processing.The volume and others of structures will likely change after tissue processing,thus affecting the results of stereological estimation;to correct the results so as to reflect the quantitative properties of the structures before processing,the respective volumes of the organ tissue before and after processing need to be obtained to estimate the overall tissue volume change post-processing and the cor-responding change of structures of interest in the tissue.The present paper deals,in a systematic and comprehensive way,with the theo-retical basis for correction of stereological estimates using the organ volumes before and after processing,how to obtain the volumes,how to use them to correct different stereological results,in which cases separate experiments are needed for correction,and how to imple-ment the experiments for correction.An important and novel part of the present paper is introduction of a new concept:the organ volume after tissue processing should be categorized into two volumes-actual and virtual volumes;corrections for stereological estimates based on measurements in the three-dimensional space(within the actual section tissue)and those on two-dimensional planes(on sectional planes)should be based on the actual and virtual volumes,respectively.

Abstract:For promotion of the optical fractionator,an unbiased stereological method of the optical disector combined with the fractionator that is commonly used to estimate the total number of cells in an organ(tissue),the present article exemplified its use in a total number estimation of neurons.Serial frozen sections of the dentate gyrus(DG region)of the hippocampal formation on one side were obtained from an adult mouse,1/5 of the sections were sampled in a systematic random manner,with 14 sections being sampled.The sections were stained using an immunohistochemical method and counterstained with cresyl violet to show DCX-positive neurons.The whole DG regions were observed and the somas(cell bodies)of DCX-positive neurons were counted within 15 μm(thickness)of the section tissue with the optical disector,meanwhile the actual thickness of the section tissue was measured with a microcator.As a re-sult,291 neurons(somas)were counted and the average of measured section thicknesses was 24.22 μm.Therefore,according to the op-tical fractionator,the total number of DCX-positive neurons in the hippocampal DG region was:291×(5/1)×(24.22/15)=2,439.With this example,we discussed in more details about the theoretical foundation and practice-related issues of the optical fractionator.

Abstract:Counting of test points,intersections and others and measurement of lengths such as diameters and point-sampled in-tercepts,performed on images superimposed with test grids,are basic tests in stereological quantitative studies.The Photoshop software can be used to observe images,prepare grids and measure lengths and can therefore be used to facilitate the tests.The present study briefly described the basic methods of preparing grids and measuring lengths with Photoshop,including how to draw and save test grids that can be superimposed on but do not cover up the images to be measured,and calibration of lengths measured.

Abstract:Objective:To investigate the role and mechanism of F-box protein 28(FBXO28)in regulating hypoxia-inducible factor 1α(HIF-1α)expression and downstream oxidative stress-related genes in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)invasion.Methods:Human liver cell line THLE-2 and HCC cell line MHCC-LM3 were cultured.MHCC-LM3 cells were transfected to establish FBXO28 overexpression(oe-FBXO28 group),FBXO28 knockdown(si-FBXO28 group),and corresponding control groups(NC-oe group,NC-si group).Transfection efficiency was validated via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR).Cell proliferation was as-sessed using Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8)and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine(EdU)staining.Apoptosis and cell cycle were analyzed by flow cytometry.Migration and invasion were evaluated using Transwell assays.Western blot was performed to detect epithelial-mesenchy-mal transition(EMT)-related proteins(E-cadherin,N-cadherin,Vimentin),PI3K/AKT pathway activity,and expression of HIF-1α,Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1(KEAP1),NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1(NQO1),and glutathione peroxidase 2(GPX2).Tumor-bearing nude mice models were established by subcutaneous injection of oe-FBXO28,si-FBXO28,NC-oe,or NC-si MHCC-LM3 cells to monitor tumor growth.Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining was used for histopathological analysis,and immunohisto-chemistry was applied to assess HIF-1α,KEAP1,and PI3K expression in tumor tissues.Results:FBXO28 mRNA was significantly downregulated in MHCC-LM3 compared to THLE-2(P<0.05).In the oe-FBXO28 group,CCK-8 absorbance,EdU-positive rate,mi-grating/invading cell counts,N-cadherin,Vimentin,phosphorylated PI3K(p-PI3K),phosphorylated AKT(p-AKT),HIF-1α,and the levels of oxidative stress markers(KEAP1,NQO1,GPX2)were significantly reduced(P<0.05),while apoptosis rate and E-cadherin expression were increased compared to the NC-oe group(P<0.05).Conversely,the si-FBXO28 group showed opposite trends(P<0.05).Tumor volume and weight decreased in oe-FBXO28 group mice,with downregulated HIF-1α,KEAP1,and PI3K expression(P<0.05),whereas si-FBXO28 group mice exhibited the opposite(P<0.05).Conclusion:FBXO28 inhibits HCC cell invasion by suppressing HIF-1α and oxidative stress,thereby downregulating EMT progression,and represents a potential therapeutic target for HCC treatment.

Abstract:Objective:To explore the clinical application value of diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space(DTI-ALPS)to assess the changes in the function of the glymphatic system(GS)in patients with intracranial large vessel stenosis or occlusion(LVSO).Methods:The clinical and imaging data of 45 patients with unilateral type LVSO and 45 healthy controls(HCs)were retrospectively analyzed.The ABCD2 scores were assessed for the 45 patients with LVSO,and diffusion tensor imaging(DTI)pa-rameters were utilized to calculate the DTI-ALPS indices for both groups.Additionally,the DTI-ALPS indices of both cerebral hemi-spheres in all subjects were computed to evaluate glymphatic system function changes in LVSO patients.Results:The DTI-ALPS index of the cerebral hemisphere on the lesion side of the LVSO group was lower than that on the healthy side and the healthy control group(P<0.001),and there was a negative correlation between the DTI-ALPS index of the cerebral hemisphere on the lesion side of the LV-SO group and the ABCD2 score(r=-0.69,P<0.001).Conclusion:The DTI-ALPS index can evaluate the changes in the function of the glial and lymphatic system in LVSO patients,and it is expected to become a new neuroimaging biomarker and evaluation tool for early risk assessment,diagnosis,treatment planning,and prognosis assessment of LVSO.It has important value in improving patients'quality of life,optimizing clinical outcomes,and saving medical resources.

Abstract:Objective:To investigate the effect of probiotic regulation combined with photodynamic therapy in peri-implantitis and its influence on microbial ecological reconstruction.Methods:A total of 106 patients with peri-implantitis were divided into Group A(n=36),Group B(n=35),and Group C(n=35)according to different treatment methods.Group C received conventional treat-ment,Group B received photodynamic therapy based on conventional treatment,and Group A received probiotic regulation combined with photodynamic therapy.Periodontal status indicators[probing depth(PD),sulcus bleeding index(SBI),plaque index(PLI)],marginal bone loss(MBL)measurements,peri-implant bacterial load,gingival crevicular fluid bone metabolism indicators[alkaline phosphatase(ALP),osteocalcin(BGP),osteoprotegerin(OPG)],gingival crevicular fluid inflammatory indicators[interleukin-1β(IL-1β),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6),high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(hs-CRP)],as well as adverse reactions and recurrence rates at 6-month follow-up were compared among the three groups.Results:The levels of periodontal status in-dicators PD,PLI,and SBI in Group A at 4 weeks,3 months,and 6 months after treatment were lower than those in Group B,which were lower than those in Group C(P<0.05).The MBL measurements in Group A at 3 months and 6 months after treatment were lower than those in Group B,which were lower than those in Group C(P<0.05).The loads of Fusobacterium nucleatum,Aggregatibacter actino-mycetemcomitans,Treponema denticola,Porphyromonas gingivalis,Ekenella corrodens,and Prevotella intermedia in Group A at 4 weeks and 6 months after treatment were lower than those in Group B,which were lower than those in Group C(P<0.05).The levels of bone metabolism indicators ALP,BGP,and OPG in Group A at 4 weeks,3 months,and 6 months after treatment were higher than those in Group B,which were higher than those in Group C(P<0.05).The levels of gingival crevicular fluid inflammatory indicators IL-6,IL-1β,TNF-α,and hs-CRP in Group A at 4 weeks,3 months,and 6 months after treatment were lower than those in Group B,which were lower than those in Group C(P<0.05).There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of adverse reactions during treatment and the recurrence rate at 6-month follow-up among the three groups(P>0.05).Conclusion:Probiotic regulation combined with photodynamic therapy for the treatment of peri-implantitis can exert synergistic antibacterial effects,improve periodontal indicators,reduce pathogen load,alleviate inflammatory response,and regulate bone metabolism balance.

Abstract:Objective:To explore the predictive value of transferrin receptor 1(CD71)and procalcitonin(PCT)in the short-term prognosis of patients with septic shock.Methods:150 patients with septic shock were selected as the research objects.According to the survival of patients 28 days after treatment,they were divided into survival group(n=89)and death group(n=61).Within 8 hours after admission,serum CD71,PCT and other laboratory indicators were measured in all patients.The differences were compared between the two groups of indicators.Logistic regression analysis was used to screen the influencing factors of prognosis,and the predic-tive value of each index for prognosis was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC).Results:A total of 150 cases were included,61 cases(40.67％,death group)died at 28 days,and 89 cases(59.33％,survival group)survived.Compared with the survival group,the patients in the death group had a greater age(P<0.05),a higher APACHE Ⅱ score(P<0.05),and serum PCT and CD71 levels were also increased(P<0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that APACHE Ⅱ score(OR=1.196),age(OR=1.068),PCT(OR=1.217)and CD71(OR=1.239)were independent factors affecting the short-term prognosis of patients with septic shock(P<0.05).Pearson correlation analysis showed that PCT(r=1.181)and CD71(r=0.236)were posi-tively correlated with APACHE Ⅱ score(P<0.05).ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve(AUC)of APACHE Ⅱ score,PCT and CD71 were 0.686,0.842 and 0.852,respectively.The AUC of PCT combined with CD71 was 0.930,the sensitivity and specificity were 86.89％and 89.89％,respectively.Conclusion:Both CD71 and PCT can be used to predict the short-term prognosis of patients with septic shock,and the predictive value of CD71 combined with PCT is higher than that of single application.

Abstract:Objective:To investigate the effect of probiotic adjuvant therapy on efficacy and immune function in elderly patients with heart failure(HF).Methods:103 elderly HF patients was selected and divided into a combination group(n=52)and a control group(n=51)according to different treatment methods.The control group received standard HF therapy,whereas the combination group received adjunctive oral probiotic adjuvant on the basis of the control group.Following 3 months of continuous intervention,param-eters including cardiac function,immunological profiles,nutritional status,exercise tolerance,and quality of life were compared between the groups.Results:After treatment,the ratio of early to late diastolic mitral inflow peak velocities(E/A)and left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF)in both groups were higher than those of before treatment(P<0.05),and the combination group was higher than the control group(P<0.05).The left ventricular end-systolic diameter(LVESD),N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide(NT-proBNP)levels in both groups decreased(P<0.05),and the combination group was lower than the control group(P<0.05).Immunoglobulin G(IgG),IgA,IgM levels,and Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form(MNA-SF)scores in both groups were higher than those of be-fore treatment(P<0.05),the combination group was higher than the control group(P<0.05).The 6-minute walk test(6MWT)dis-tance in both groups was greater than that of before treatment(P<0.05),with the combination group showed a longer distance than the control group(P<0.05).The Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire(MLHFQ)scores in both groups were lower than be-fore treatment(P<0.05),with the combination group showed lower scores than the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Probiotic adjuvant therapy effectively improves cardiac function,immune status,and nutritional parameters in elderly HF patients.Additionally,this combined regimen demonstrates positive clinical significance in enhancing exercise capacity and quality of life in HF patients.

Abstract:Objective:To explore the effects of rhythmic auditory stimulation(RAS)on gait and balance abilities in patients with stroke with ataxia.Methods:60 patients with stroke ataxia were prospectively studied and divided into control(n=30)and RAS group(n=30)according to different treatment methods.The control group received conventional rehabilitation therapy and gait training accompanied by a metronome.The patients in the RAS group received conventional rehabilitation therapy and gait training accompanied by a music therapist.Both groups received continuous treatment for 4 weeks.Ataxia[International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale(IC-ARS)score],gait ability[Timed Upward Walking Test(TUGT)score],balance ability[Berg Balance Scale(BBS)score],gait pa-rameters of the two-dimensional gait analysis system(pace,stride,and stride),and pressure center(COP)parameters of the balance function testing system(COP swing length and COP swing area when opening and closing eyes)were compared between the two groups.Results:After treatment,the degree of change of ICARS,TUGT and BBS in the RAS group was greater than that in the control group(P<0.05).The degree of change in speed,stride length and stride length was greater in the RAS group than in the control group(P<0.05).After treatment,the degree of change in the RAS group was greater than that of the control group in terms of the COP swing length at eye opening,the COP swing area at eye opening,the COP swing length at eye closing,and the COP swing area at eye closing(P<0.05).Conclusion:The use of RAS combined with gait training can effectively improve ataxia symptoms in patients with stroke ataxia,improve gait parameters such as stride speed,stride length and stride length,enhance balance ability and reduce the amplitude of center of gravity sway,which has significant advantages in improving patients'gait and balance.

Abstract:Objective:To investigate the correlation between serum C-reactive protein(CRP),serum uric acid(SUA),25-hydroxyvitamin D[25(OH)D]and sarcopenia in elderly type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)patients.Methods:A total of 122 elderly patients with T2DM were divided into simple T2DM group(n=94)and sarcopenia group(n=28).The differences of serum CRP,SUA,25(OH)D and other laboratory indexes between the two groups were compared.The factors that affect the occurrence of sarcope-nia in elderly T2DM patients were analized by Logistic regression analysis.The diagnostic value of each index for sarcopenia was evalua-ted by receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve.Results:Compared with the simple T2DM group,the sarcopenia group had a higher proportion of males(P<0.05),older age(P<0.05),and lower BMI level(P<0.05).Compared with the simple T2DM group,the levels of serum HbA1 c and CRP in the sarcopenia group were increased,and the levels of 25(OH)D and SUA were de-creased(P<0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed that age(OR=1.143)and serum CRP(OR=1.095)were risk factors for sarcopenia in elderly T2DM patients(P<0.05),while SUA(OR=0.956)and 25(OH)D(OR=0.941)were protective factors(P<0.05).ROC curve analysis showed that serum CRP,SUA and 25(OH)D levels had certain diagnostic value for T2DM combined with sarcopenia in the elderly,and their AUC were 0.718,0.716 and 0.743,respectively.Conclusion:The levels of serum CRP,SUA and 25(OH)D in elderly patients with T2DM are closely related to the occurrence of sarcopenia.The increase of CRP level and the decrease of SUA and 25(OH)D levels may indicate a higher risk of sarcopenia.

Abstract:Objective:To explore the effect of insulin degludec/liraglutide in diabetic kidney disease(DKD)patients with poor glycemic control and its effect on serum inflammatory factors.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 96 DKD patients with poor glycemic control.Patients were divided into two groups based on treatment methods:the control group(n=48)received insulin glargine and insulin aspart,and the observation group(n=48)received insulin degludec/liraglutide for a course of 3 months.Blood glucose indicators[fasting plasma glucose(FPG),glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c),mean amplitude of glycemic excur-sions(MAGE),and largest amplitude of glycemic excursions(LAGE)],insulin function indicators[homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance(HOMA-IR),homeostatic model assessment for β-cell function(HOMA-β)],serum inflammatory factors[interleu-kin-6(IL-6),serum amyloid A(SAA)],and renal function indicators[estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR),urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio(UACR)]were compared between the two groups.The incidence of adverse reactions was also recorded.Results:After treatment,FPG,HbA1c,MAGE,LAGE,HOMA-IR,serum IL-6,SAA levels and UACR all decreased in both groups(P<0.05),and the MAGE,LAGE,HOMA-IR,serum IL-6,SAA,and UACR levels in observation group were lower than those in control group(P<0.05).HOMA-β and eGFR increased in both groups(P<0.05),and HOMA-β in observation group was higher than that in control group(P<0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in the total incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion:Insulin degludec/liraglutide can better reduce blood glucose fluctuations in DKD patients with poor glycemic control,regulate insulin function,reduce serum inflammatory factor levels,and alleviate proteinuria in the short term.Improvement in eGFR still requires confirmation through long-term,large-sample studies.The safety profile is acceptable,but attention should be paid to the occurrence of hypoglycemia.

Abstract:Objective:To explore clinical curative effect of pidotimod combined with pulmicort and its influences on immuno-globulins and T lymphocytes in children with recurrent respiratory tract infections(RRTIs).Methods:According to different therapeu-tic regimens,80 children with RRTIs were divided into control group(n=40,pulmicort)and observation group(n=40,pidotimod combined with pulmicort).All children were treated for 2 months.The curative effect after treatment and remission time of symptoms(cough remission,disappearance of red throat and lung rale,fever duration)during treatment in the two groups were compared.The lev-els of immunoglobulins(IgA,IgG,IgM)and T lymphocyte subsets(CD3+T cells,CD4+T cells,CD8+T cells)before and after treat-ment,and disease recurrence within 6 months of follow-up in the two groups were recorded.Results:Compared with control group,total response rate of treatment was higher in observation group(P<0.05),and remission time of symptoms was shorter(P<0.05).Com-pared with control group after treatment,levels of IgA,IgG,IgM,CD3+and CD4+T cells were higher in observation group(P<0.05),and level of CD8+T cells was lower(P<0.05).Within6 months of follow-up,recurrence rate in observation group was lower than that in control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Pidotimod combined with pulmicort can effectively improve curative effect,accelerate symp-toms remission,regulate immune function and reduce recurrence rate in children with RRTIs.

Abstract:Objective:To explore the relevant influencing factors of adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnancies complicated with uterine fibroids.Methods:A total of 128 patients with pregnancy complicated with uterine fibroids were selected as the research sub-jects.Based on the occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes,they were divided into an adverse pregnancy outcome group(n=50)and a non-adverse pregnancy outcome group(n=78).Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were conducted to ana-lyze the relevant influencing factors of adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with uterine fibroids.Results:Among 128 cases of pregnancy complicated with uterine fibroids,50 cases had adverse pregnancy outcomes,accounting for 39.0%.Univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences between the adverse pregnancy outcome group and the non-adverse pregnancy outcome group in terms of gestational week at delivery,age,number of deliveries,history of cesarean section,cesarean section rate,and uterine fibroid diameter≥7 cm(P<0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis indicated that a uterine fibroid diameter≥7 cm(OR=0.333,95%CI=0.126～0.882,P=0.027)and a low cesarean section rate(OR=7.324,95%CI=2.153～24.918,P=0.001)were risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes in patients with pregnancy complicated by uterine fibroids.Conclusion:Larger uterine fibroids are a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes.Clinically,it is important to strengthen prenatal care and monitoring of risk factors in patients with uterine fibroids to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women.

Abstract:Objective:To assess the clinical value of cefazoxime and beclomethasone sequential therapy in patients with pulmo-nary fibrosis(PF)complicated by acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).Methods:A total of 120 pa-tients with acute exacerbation of PF and COPD were divided into the conventional group(the patient received intravenous levofloxacin for anti-infection treatment in combination with systemic glucocorticoid therapy)and the study group(cefazoxime and beclomethasone sequential treatment on the basis of conventional treatment)according to different treatment methods,60 cases in each group.The clini-cal efficacy,oxygenation status,inflammatory factor levels,quality of life,short-term and long-term prognosis were compared between the two groups.Results:The total clinical efficacy of the study group was 98.33%,which was higher than 85.00%of the conventional group(P<0.05).After treatment,the improvements in arterial partial pressure of oxygen(PaO2),and oxygenation index(PaO2/FiO2)increased in both groups,and the study group was higher than the conventional group(P<0.05).Partial pressure of carbon di-oxide(PaCO2)decreased in both groups,and the study group was lower than the conventional group(P<0.05).After treatment,the levels of inflammatory factors,COPD assessment test(CAT)score and modified dyspnea scale(mMRC)score in both groups de-creased,and the study group was lower than the conventional group(P<0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in the overall incidence of adverse reactions and recent recurrence rate between the study group and the conventional group(P>0.05).The long-term recurrence rate in the study group was 6.67%,which was lower than that of the conventional group(21.67%)(P<0.05).Conclusion:Cefazoxime combined with beclomethasone sequential therapy can significantly improve the comprehensive efficacy of pa-tients with acute exacerbation of PF-COPD,which can effectively control infection and inflammation,optimize symptoms and quality of life,and has high application value.

Abstract:Objective:To investigate the efficacy of omalizumab combined with fluticasone propionate in the treatment of allergic asthma(AA)in children.Methods:A total of 100 AA children were divided into control group and observation group according to dif-ferent treatment methods,with 50 cases in each group.The control group was treated with fluticasone propionate,and the observation group was treated with omalizumab combined with fluticasone propionate.Both groups were treated for 4 months.Children's Asthma Con-trol Test(C-ACT),daytime and nighttime symptom scores of asthma were recorded before and after treatment in the two groups.Lung function[forced expiratory volume in the first second(FEV1),maximum expiratory flow(PEF)]and serum immunoglobulin E(IgE),C-reactive protein(CRP),interleukin-6(IL-6),transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)and matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9)levels were detected.The therapeutic effects were recorded and compared between the two groups.Results:The total effective rate of the observation group was higher than that of the control group(94.00%vs.80.00%,P<0.05).After treatment,compared with the con-trol group,the C-ACT score,FEV1 and PEF in the observation group were higher(P<0.05),and the daytime and nighttime scores of asthma were lower(P<0.05).After treatment,the levels of serum IgE,CRP,IL-6,TGF-β1 and MMP-9 in the observation group were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:On the basis of fluticasone propionate treatment,the addition of omalizumab can relieve asthma symptoms,reduce inflammation levels,inhibit airway remodeling,and improve lung function in children with AA.

Abstract:Objective:To explore the effect of semaglutide combined with metformin in the treatment of obese type 2 diabetes(T2DM)and its impact on insulin resistance and body mass.Methods:124 obese T2DM patients were included and divided into two groups based on different treatment methods,with 62 cases in each group.The control group was treated with metformin alone,while the study group received additional treatment with semaglutide on top of the control group,both groups were treated for 3 months.The blood glucose indicators[fasting blood glucose(FPG),2-hour postprandial blood glucose(2hPG),glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c)levels],insulin resistance indicators[fasting insulin(FINS),pancreatic beta cell function index(HOMA-β),insulin resistance index(HO-MA-IR)],weight loss effects[waist circumference,body mass,body mass index(BMI)],adiponectin levels,and blood lipid indicators[low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),triglycerides(TG),total cholesterol(TC),and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)levels]were compared between the two groups.Results:After treatment,the levels of FPG,2hPG,HbA1c,FINS,HOMA-IR,waist circumference,body mass,BMI,and serum levels of TC,TG,and LDL-C in both groups decreased(P<0.05),and the study group were lower than the control group(P<0.05).The HOMA-β,adiponectin,and HDL-C levels increased in both groups(P<0.05),and the study group were higher than the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:The combination therapy of semaglutide and metformin can more effectively control blood glucose in obese T2DM patients,improve insulin resistance,enhance weight loss,and regulate adiponectin and lipid metabolism levels.

Abstract:Objective:To investigate the efficacy of dorsal root ganglion pulsed radiofrequency(PRF)combined with ozone or platelet-rich plasma(PRP)in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia(PHN).Methods:60 patients with thoracic PHN were selected as the research subjects,and were divided into PRP group(n=30)and ozone group(n=30)according to different treatment meth-ods.The PRP group received PRF combined with PRP treatment,while the ozone group received PRF combined with ozone treatment.The differences in pain levels[Visual Analog Scale(VAS)],infrared thermography temperature difference,and sleep quality[Pitts-burgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI)]between two groups of patients before and after treatment(7 days and 1 month,3 months,6 months),the differences in levels of pain mediators and inflammatory factors before and 3 months after treatment were compared be-tween the two groups.Results:At different time points after treatment,the VAS score,infrared thermal imaging temperature difference and PSQI of both groups decreased over time,and the PRP group was lower than the ozone group(P<0.05).At6 months after treat-ment,the VAS scores,infrared thermal imaging temperature difference and PSQI in the PRP group decreased compared to 3 months(P<0.05),and the PRP group was lower than the ozone group(P<0.05).The levels of β-endorphin in the PRP group were higher than those in the ozone group(P<0.05),while the levels of substance P,prostaglandin E2,and inflammatory factors in the PRP group were lower than those in the ozone group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Compared with ozone combined with PRF,PRP combined with PRF can achieve a more sustained therapeutic effect on patients with PHN,and has a better effect on improving sleep quality.

Abstract:Objective:To explore the application value of serum cystatin C(CysC)and gamma-glutamyl transferase(GGT)levels combined with arterial blood gas analysis on evaluating the severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).Methods:157 COPD patients were selected and divided into mild group(n=78),moderate group(n=49)and severe group(n=30)according to the severity of the disease.Clinical data as well as laboratory indicators at admission were collected.The factors affecting the severity of COPD and their correlation with patients'FEV1%pred were analyzed,and the diagnostic value of these factors on the severity of COPD were analyzed.Results:The levels of serum CysC,GGT and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide(PCO2)in the three groups were manifested as severe group>moderate group>mild group(P<0.05)while the arterial partial pressure of oxygen(PO2)and oxygen saturation(SaO2)were represented as severe group

Abstract:Objective:To explore the influence of high-dose poractant alfa injection combined with high frequency oscillatory ventilation(HFOV)or continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP)on blood gas indexes in children with very low birth weight infants(VLBWI)complicated with respiratory distress syndrome.Methods:166 patients with VLBWI complicated with respiratory distress syndrome were retrospectively enrolled.According to the different methods of respiratory support,they were divided into control group(poractant alfa+CPAP,n=88)and observation group(poractant alfa+HFOV,n=78),both groups were treated for 7 days.The blood gas indexes,weaning time,symptom relief time,oxygen therapy time,hospitalization time and adverse reactions were compared be-tween both groups of children.Results:After treatment,the arterial partial pressure of oxygen(PaO2)in the observation group was higher than that in the control group(P<0.05),while the partial pressure of carbon dioxide(PaCO2)fraction of inspiration oxygen(FiO2),and oxygenation index(OI)were all lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The hospitalization time,symptom relief time and incidence rates of adverse reactions were not statistically different between the two groups(P>0.05),and the weaning time and oxygen therapy time were shorter in the observation group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Poractant alfa injection combined with HFOV or CPAP can quickly improve the blood gas indexes and enhance oxygenation in children.However,poractant alfa injection combined with HFOV is more effective.

Abstract:Objective:To explore the effect of combined application of labor analgesia and phloroglucinol on parturients with cer-vical immaturity and the influence on neonatal umbilical artery blood gas indexes.Methods:226 parturients with cervical immaturity were classified into control group(routine treatment,n=105)and observation group(routine treatment+labor analgesia+phloro-glucinol,n=121)by means of different prenatal treatment methods.The cervical maturity promoting effect,labor process and pain sta-tus at different time points in the two groups were evaluated.The changes of umbilical artery blood gas indexes were observed in both groups,and the pregnancy outcomes were compared.Results:The observation group had higher total effective rate of cervical maturity promoting than the control group,and the first stage of labor incubation period,active period and total labor in the observation group were shorter than those in the control group(P<0.05).The visual analogue scale(VAS)scores at various time points were lower in the observation group(P<0.05).The pH value,partial pressure of carbon dioxide and partial pressure of oxygen in the observation group were better than those in the control group(P<0.05).The adverse pregnancy outcomes incidence in observation group was low-er compared to the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:The combined application of labor analgesia and phloroglucinol can promote the cervical maturity of primiparas,shorten the labor process,relieve the pain,improve the umbilical artery blood gas indexes of neo-nates,and reduce the rate of adverse pregnancy.

Abstract:Objective:To explore the clinical effect of different removing excess resin adhesive treatment on endocrowns of short crown molars.Methods:70 short crown molars from 69 patients meeting the inclusion criteria were selected as the research subjects and divided into two groups according to different intervention methods.The A group was exposed to light for 2 seconds,scraped off with sickle scalpel,and then illuminated for 40 seconds.In B group,a large amount of excess resin adhesive was removed with a small brush,and then the light was illuminated for 40 seconds after the endocrown bonding.The operation time were recorded and compared between the two groups.The effects of two postoperative treatment methods at 1 week,3 months,6 months,and 12 months on marginal staining,the secondary caries,the marginal adaptation,retention,abutment loosening or fracture were compared.And the gingival sulcular bleed-ing index(SBI)index of the two groups were evaluated at before repairing,1 week,3 months,6 months,12 months after repairing.Re-sults:In 12 months,the success rate of two groups of endocrowns was above94%.12 months after surgery,there were2 cases of failure in group A and 1 case of failure in group B.There was no significant difference between the two groups in marginal staining,the second-ary caries,the marginal adaptation,retention,abutment loosening or fracture at 1 week,3 months,6 months,and 12 months after surgery(P>0.05).There were no significant differences in SBI at 1 week,3 months,6 months and 12 months after repairing(P>0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in the operation time between the two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion:Ideal effects are achieved for the two removing excess resin adhesive treatment on endocrowns of short crown molars.

Abstract:Objective:To statistically analyze the disease spectrum of emergency patients from emergency department and sur-gery department.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 32,008 patients in emergency surgery depart-ment.Excel database was created for statistical analysis.Results:The proportion of 31～60 years patients was 47.59%,with male∶fe-male=1.15∶1.The daily peak of medical treatment was within 7 pm～9 pm.The monthly peak of medical treatment was in February,July～August and October.The proportion of trauma was the highest[12,189 cases(38.08%)],followed by urinary and reproductive system diseases[8,423 cases(26.32%)]and acute abdomen[7,486 cases(23.39%)],accounting for 87.79%of all diseases.The daytime disease type was mainly on trauma,night shift disease type was mainly on acute abdomen,and nighttime disease type was main-ly on urinary and reproductive system diseases.There were seasonal differences in the distribution of patients with 3 common endemic diseases:bee stings,venomous snake bites,and burns.Conclusion:In emergency patients from surgery department,proportions of 41～50 years cases and diseases(trauma,urinary system diseases,acute abdomen)are higher.The peak of medical treatment has obvious time characteristics,and composition of diseases has certain regional characteristics.

Abstract:Objective:To explore clinical curative effect of Shenbai Fuzheng granule combined with bevacizumab+AP regimen(pemetrexed+cisplatin)and its influences on prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).Methods:70 NSCLC patients were selected as the research subjects and divided into a control group and an observation group according to different treatment plans,with 35 cases in each group.The control group were treated with bevacizumab+AP regimen,and the observation group was treated with a combination of Shenbai Fuzheng granules+bevacizumab+AP regimen for 21 days per cycle,with 2 cycles of treatment for each group.The tumor control[objective response rate(ORR),disease control rate(DCR)],incidence of adverse reactions,tumor markers[carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA),carbohydrate antigen 125(CA125)],blood routine[neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio(NLR)],scores of Karnofsky performance status(KPS)and prognosis recurrence were compared between the two groups.Results:After treat-ment,there were no significant difference in ORR and DCR between observation group and control group(P>0.05).The incidence of adverse reactions(bone marrow suppression,gastrointestinal reactions,liver and kidney damage,rash)in observation group was lower than that in control group(P<0.05),levels of NLR,CEA and CA125 were lower than those in control group(P<0.05),KPS score was higher than that in control group(P<0.05),and recurrence rate was lower than that in control group at 1 year after treatment(P<0.05).Conclusion:Shenbai Fuzheng granule combined with targeted chemotherapy regimen has significant toxicity-reducing effect in NSCLC patients,and is conducive to prognosis of patients.

Abstract:Objective:To explore the correlation between radiological characteristics and serum biomarker levels in patients with atrophic gastritis(AG).Methods:130 gastritis patients were selected as the subjects.Based on endoscopic and pathological biopsy re-sults,they were divided into a control group(non-atrophic gastritis patients,n=71)and an observation group(atrophic gastritis pa-tients,n=59).The observation group was further divided into mild atrophy group(n=23),moderate atrophy group(n=24),and se-vere atrophy group(n=12).The correlation between the imaging features and severity of AG and the levels of gastrin 17(G-17),pep-sinogenⅠ(PGⅠ),pepsinogen Ⅱ(PGⅡ),procalcitonin(PCT),interleukin-6(IL-6),interleukin-17(IL-17),interferon-γ(IFN-γ),tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α),and transforming growth factor β1(TGF-β1)were analyzed.Results:AG patients had increased levels of PCT,IL-6,IL-17,and TGF-β1(P<0.001),while G-17 and PG levels were decreased(P<0.001).PCT,IL-6,and TGF-β1 levels were positively correlated with the severity of AG(P<0.001),while G-17 and PG levels showed a negative correlation(P<0.001).PG Ⅰ and PCT levels were independent factors affecting the severity of AG(P<0.05).Conclusion:PCT,IL-6,IL-17,and TGF-β1 levels are positively correlated with the occurrence of AG,while G-17 and PG levels are negatively correlated.PG Ⅰ and PCT levels are independent factors affecting the severity of AG.

Abstract:Objective:To explore the early diagnostic value of(1-3)β-D glucan test(G test)and galactomannantest(GM test)in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)for patients with invasive pulmonary fungal infection(IPFI).Methods:A total of 53 patients with IPFI and 53 patients with pulmonary bacterial infectionin the hospital were enrolled as IPFI group and control group,respectively.All patients underwent G test and GM test in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,and the detection results in the two groups were compared.The diagnostic value of G test and GM test in serum and alveolar lavage fluid was analyzed.Results:The results of serum G test,GM test,alveolar G test and GM test were different between the two groups(P<0.05).Taking results of histopatholog-ical examination as the golden standard,sensitivity,specificity,accuracy,positive predictive value and negative predictive value of serum G test,serum GM test,bronchoalveolar lavage fluid G test and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid GM test in the diagnosis of IPFI were(69.81%,100.00%,84.91%,100.00%,76.81%),(41.51%,100.00%,70.75%,100.00%,63.10%),(100.00%,73.58%,86.79%,79.10%,100.00%)and(77.36%,64.15%,70.75%,68.33%,73.91%),respectively.ROC curves analysis showed that area under the curve(AUC)values of serum G test,serum GM test,bronchoalveolar lavage fluid G test and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid GM test in the diagnosis of pulmonary fungal infection were 0.804,0.862,0.978 and 0.987,all of which had certain discriminatory val-ue for IPFI.Conclusion:G test and GM test in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid all have certain diagnostic value for IPFI.Ac-cording to different thresholds,they have their own advantages and disadvantages in terms of sensitivity and specificity.Clinically,com-prehensive assessment should be conducted based on actual situation and multiple detection results.

Abstract:< positive >1 case data the patient, a 12-year-old female, was admitted to the hospital because of "progressive nasal congestion and snoring for 1+ years, signs of hearing loss in the right ear for 1 month". The electronic nasopharyngoscopy showed that there was a smooth hard block on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx, the size of which was 4.0cm × 5.0 cm. The patient's right pharyngeal tympanic orifice could not be seen clearly due to tumor pressure, and the posterior nostril was almost blocked. CT showed that there was an abnormal soft tissue in the right nasopharynx and pharyngeal orifice, with a size of 3.0 cm × 3.5 cm × 5.0 cm, clear elasticity and irregular granular calcification (Fig. 1). No abnormality was found in other examinations. Under general anesthesia with controlled hypotension, nasal endoscopes and electric drills produced by Stryker and Medtronic were used for surgery.

Abstract:Objective:To investigate the mediating pathways through which family empowerment impacts family resilience in first-episode stroke patients.Methods:312 first-episode stroke patients and corresponding caregivers admitted from February 2024 to July 2024 were included as the research subjects.Clinical data,coping styles,self-efficacy,family resilience,and family empowerment were evaluated using questionnaires,Simple Coping Styles Scale,General Self-efficacy Scale,Family Resilience Scale,and Main Care-givers Empowerment.Pearson and Structural Equation Models were used to analyze the relationship between family empowerment and family resilience.Results:There was no statistically significant difference in family resilience scores among patients with first stroke from different age,gender,body mass index,marital status,disease type,time of onset to visit time(P>0.05),patients with severe dys-function showed lower family resilience scores compared to those with mild or no dysfunction(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the family resilience scores of first-time stroke caregivers with different ages,genders,marital status,and education levels(P>0.05),the family resilience scores of first-time stroke caregivers with chronic diseases were lower than those without chronic dis-eases(P<0.05).Correlation analysis showed that positive coping styles,self-efficacy,and family empowerment showed positive corre-lations with family resilience(P<0.05),while negative coping styles were negatively correlated with family resilience(P<0.05).Structural model fitting indicators χ2/df=2.522,RMSEA=0.070,TLI=0.932,CFI=0.944,Bootstrap program test showed that family empowerment could directly affect family resilience,and could also affect family resilience through self-efficacy and coping styles.Con-clusion:In clinical recovery from first stroke,attention should be paid to the effect of family empowerment between different action paths,and reasonable intervention methods should be adopted based on the paths to improve the resilience of family stroke patients.

Abstract:Objective:To analyze the effect of multidisciplinary cooperation mode and peer support on self-protection awareness,hope level and quality of life of amputees with diabetes foot gangrene.Methods:Retrospective analysis was used to study 146 amputees with foot gangrene of diabetes.Among them,58 patients from October 2022 to September 2023 were given routine clinical intervention and included in the control group,the remaining 88 patients from October 2023 to September 2024 were given multidisciplinary collabo-ration mode combined with peer support intervention and included in the observation group.Assess the self-protection awareness,hope,coping strategies,and quality of life were compared between the two groups.Results:There was no significant difference in the self-pro-tection awareness score,hope scale score,coping style score,and quality of life score between the two groups before intervention(P>0.05).After intervention,the observation group had higher scores in self-awareness,self responsibility,self-protection skills,health knowledge level,positive attitude,excessive behavior,intimate relationship score,physiological function,physiological function,physical symptoms,general health status,energy,emotional function,mental health,and social function than the control group(P<0.05).After intervention,the avoidance and surrender scores of the observation group were lower than those of the control group,and the face score was higher than that of the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:The multidisciplinary cooperation mode combined with peer support intervention can improve the self-protection awareness,hope level and coping style of amputees with diabetes foot gangrene to a certain extent,and then improve the quality of life.